Design and Validation of an Open-Source 3D Printable Bioreactor System for Ex Vivo Bone Culture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada, osteoporosis is a prevailing skeletal disease that is underdiagnosed and undertreated, with an annual economic cost of $4.6 billion. Trabecular bone is widely understood to undergo modelling and remodelling in response to biochemical and mechanical loads during physical activity. Further insights into the adaptation process of bone could help clinicians improve prevention and treatment methods, including physical activity recommendations, and lead to increased bone health. Previous studies have successfully implemented a polycarbonate (PC) bioreactor system to study trabecular bone adaptation in response to biochemical and mechanical stimulation in long-term ex vivo bone organ culture. However, the PC bioreactors are expensive and difficult to fabricate and have been limited to testing bone cores with maximum dimensions of 5 mm x 10 mm (height x diameter), which is below recommended standards for bone compression testing. Recent advancements in additive manufacturing can reduce fabrication cost and difficulty and allow for high dimensional precision in 3D printed designs with biocompatible material options. Thus, the first objective of the presented research was to develop an open-source 3D printable bioreactor with the photopolymer MED610TM that addresses the PC bioreactors fabrication and bone core height limitations. The second objective was to test the role of the MED610TM material on cell viability and determine a cleaning and sterilization protocol for MED610TM in cell and tissue culture applications. Finally, the third objective was to validate the 3D printed bioreactor in an ex vivo bovine trabecular bone study with mechanical stimulation by measuring the change in apparent elastic modulus over 21-days. Collectively, this thesis demonstrated that 3D printed MED610TM bioreactors cleaned and sterilized with a sonication and autoclave protocol are suitable for ex vivo bone organ culture and can replicate trends in trabecular bone apparent elastic modulus found in previous studies. Recommendations for next steps are provided including adjustments to the bioreactor design and continued biocompatibility and validation testing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".