Feasibility Study of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage for Ramea: Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System \n
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ramea is a small island in southern Newfoundland. Since 2004, it has a wind-diesel hybrid power \nsystem to provide power for approximately 600 inhabitants. The average wind energy contribution to the total \nsupplied load is less than 10%. Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro with the support of ACOA has upgraded the \nRamea hybrid power system. They have added three more 100kW wind turbines and a hydrogen energy storage \nsystem. The new system is still under construction and it is expected to be fully operational by fall 2010. In a \nhydrogen energy storage system, excess wind generated electricity is converted to hydrogen using a 70% efficient \nelectrolyzer. The hydrogen produced is compressed and stored in tanks. Compressed hydrogen is used to run a \nless than 35% efficient hydrogen engine as needed. It is expected that overall conversion efficiency of the energy \nstorage system will be less than 25%. For a remote location like Ramea where there are few hills with a height \nabove 60m a pumped hydro energy storage is possible. The overall efficiency of a pumped hydro energy storage \nsystem is typically above 70%. \nIn this research we present a study of a pumped hydro long-term energy storage system for Ramea winddiesel \nsystem. We determined optimal energy storage requirements for the Ramea hybrid power system, identified \na site that can be used for pumped hydro energy storage and calculated the required storage capacity. We present a \ndetailed analysis and dynamic simulation of the proposed wind diesel pumped hydro system. Sizing of a pumped \nhydro system indicates that a 150kW pumped hydro storage system at Ramea can achieve a renewable energy \nfraction to 37%. Such a system will need a 3932m3 water reservoir at a height of 63m (on top of Man of War Hill) \nand it will provide 150kW for 3.14 hours. Dynamic system simulations indicate acceptable power quality after an \naddition of a pumped hydro storage system. \nWe think a pumped hydro energy storage system for Ramea is a much better choice than a hydrogen \nenergy storage system. Such a system will have a higher overall efficiency and could be maintained using local \ntechnical expertise, therefore a more appropriate technology for Ramea.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".