Inductance Calculations and Measurements for the CERN LHC Injection Pulse Forming Network
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The injection kicker systems for the two LHC beams will each consist of four travelling wave magnets, four pulse forming networks (PFNs), and two resonant charging power supplies (RCPS).Each system must produce a kick of 1.3 Tm with a flattop duration adjustable between 4.25 µs and 7.8 µs, and rise and fall times of less than 900 ns and 3 µs respectively.Ripple in the field flattop must be less than ±0.5%.To achieve this stringent requirement, the PFN inductances are made of a continuous straight and rigid coil with constant and high precision pitch.Frequency dependence of the inductance and resistance of the PFN coil, as well as the effect of distortion during winding, are main issues and have been assessed via electromagnetic simulations.Component selection for the PFN was made on the basis of these theoretical models.A prototype PFN was built at CERN, without trimming of any component values.A system including the PFN, thyratron switches, terminating resistors, and the prototype RCPS built at TRIUMF has been set up.The system has been extensively tested and performs to specification.This paper describes 2D and 3D electromagnetic simulations of the PFN coil and compares the predictions with measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".