Instrumentation and analysis for observations of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from galaxy clusters with the APEX-SZ experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound objects in the Universe. Their size makes them unique and powerful tools for cosmology and the study of astrophysical processes. The hot gas that resides between the galaxies constitutes the majority of the baryonic matter in the cluster, and can be detected through its emission processes as well as its effect on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation in a process known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE).This thesis describes the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (APEX-SZ) project. This experiment was the first large-array TES bolometer instrument and observed galaxy clusters through the SZE. APEX-SZ employed 280 TES detectors and operated for 875 hours over five years, making targeted observations of 42 galaxy clusters. The scientific motivation for the APEX-SZ experiment is given, along with a description of the general instrumentation for a large-array TES bolometer receiver. In addition, an electronic temperature readout and control board, developed at McGill and operated by multiple CMB experiments, is presented. The data calibration and analysis of the APEX-SZ data is discussed, along with the SZE measurements from galaxy clusters and their scaling-relations with X-ray data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".