Bibliographic record
Abstract
A desire for democratic reform brought about the rebellions in 1837-1838 in Upper Canada. William Lyon Mackenzie, one of the more extreme leaders of the reform movement, organized an armed rebellion in Toronto in December of 1837 at Montgomery’s Tavern. The rebels were quickly dispersed by the militia and soldiers, but another uprising occurred near Brantford a few days later. Mackenzie retreated to Navy Island in the Niagara River with his supporters, and the Americans brought supplies to the island using the steamer Caroline. In an attempt to hinder the rebels' efforts, Commander Andrew Drew of the Royal Navy led a group of the Upper Canada militia to Fort Schlosser on December 29, 1837, where the Caroline was moored. A brief skirmish with the Americans ensued, during which an American citizen, Amos Durfee, was killed. The Caroline was then set on fire and cut loose, drifting down the River towards the Falls. The government in Canada feared that the rebels' American allies might gain the support of the U.S. government, who might then seize this opportunity to invade Canada. The House of Assembly considered these American citizens to have breached neutrality laws and wanted assurances from the U.S. government that it had no intention of supporting the rebels. To this effect, the House of Assembly passed resolutions in 1838 on the subject of breach of neutrality and aggression. The uprisings continued in 1838 but were swiftly extinguished, and ceased altogether by 1839. James Bicket was secretary of the Toronto Curling Club and author of The Canadian Curler’s Manual, published in Toronto in 1840.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.180 | 0.084 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".