Lipid droplets under stressful conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are phylogenetically conserved and ubiquitous organelles with many cellular functions.In the last two decades, our understanding of LD biology and of their roles in physiological processes has increased dramatically.In addition, increasing evidence suggests that LDs are highly involved in inflammatory processes, and in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Despite such advancement, many aspects of LD biology and of their roles in health and disease remain unknown.The core of LDs is highly enriched with neutral lipids and these can be mobilized to provide metabolic energy.The phospholipid monolayer surrounding the LD core is associated with a wide variety of proteins, including structural and signaling proteins, as well as metabolic enzymes.While LDs may be induced by physiological stimuli such as dietary fatty acids, they can also be formed under stressful conditions, in the absence of such fatty acids.However, exactly how cellular stress leads to LD accumulation remains unclear.Our main objective is to understand the regulation of LD formation under stressful conditions, specifically oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic stress.We first investigated LDs in cells exposed to environmental stressors, namely cytotoxic metallic nanoparticles (e.g cadmium telluride nanocrystals) and reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide).LD formation and expression of perilipin-2, a key structural LD protein, were highly increased in rodent cells exposed to these stress agents.Interestingly, supplementation with antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine or pharmacological inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) reduced stress-induced LD accumulation, suggesting that oxidative stress and p38 MAPK activation play a role in the induction of LD formation.Stimulation of LD formation by oleic acid, a dietary fatty acid, reduced stressor-induced cell death, suggesting that LDs may exert protective functions against oxidative stress.Inflammatory leukocytes and macrophages contain a large number of LDs.While this phenomenon has been widely investigated in peripheral immune cells, its explanation remains elusive in immune cells of the central nervous system.We therefore investigated LD dynamics and regulation in microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain.We
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".