Mistreatment of migrant construction workers : Trajectory \nfrom the past to the present and into the future
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Labour migration is as old as human history. Based on current and centuries old practices, labour abuse in the construction industry is perhaps as old as humankind. \nWith demographic changes in developed nations and poverty which afflicts labour -rich countries, labour migration is expected to continue in the future. This chapter posits \nthat mistreatment of construction migrants in the future is likely to persist. Urban growth and physical infrastructure development of many nations owe in large part to the internal as well as international movement of construction workers, between developing and developed countries which is often the subject of interest, but also between developing countries and between developed countries. Such traverses give rise to labour abuse being global in nature. So dependent are labour-abundant developing countries on remittances by their citizens abroad that during the drafting of the General Agreement of Trade in Services (GATS), 1 they advocated for free movement of workers to be allowed as part of its provision, but their effort failed. In their final destinations, these migrants are often treated poorly by their construction employers: exploitative wages, insecure employment and forced labour, low safety \nstandards and poor living conditions being the common features. Structural changes in the modern-day construction industry reinforced by discriminatory legislation and \njudicial systems of host countries have further entrenched undesirable mistreatment of migrants. Central to this poor treatment is the perception of these workers as no more \nthan disposable construction resources. Given these hurdles, this chapter ends by asking whether fair, safe and decent employment will ever be available worldwide for migrant construction workers. All relevant international organisations and nongovernment organisations (NGOs) should orchestrate their efforts for greater impact, as demonstrated by the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (usually given the short-hand title 'Global Compact') which was endorsed by the United \nNations General Assembly on 19 December 2018.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".