Natural enemy ecology in apple orchards: spider colonization of orchards and effects of kaolin on the apple pest «Choristoneura rosaceana» and its natural enemies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Integrated pest management (IPM) uses multiple approaches to keep pest levels below economic injury levels. Integrated pest management combines preventative methods such as biocontrol with curative methods; this synthesis requires an understanding of the ecology of natural enemies in the agroecosystem. Arthropod natural enemy communities in apple orchards are diverse, and spiders (Araneae) are particularly abundant and species rich. Orchard arthropods are affected by multiple factors, both external (e.g. immigration) and internal (e.g. pesticides) to the orchard environment. In this thesis I explored the influence of these factors on natural enemy communities in apple orchards. I investigated which natural habitats adjacent to orchards are potential sources of spiders, and the influence of distance from a source habitat on the composition of colonizing spider assemblages. I tested how kaolin clay, a pest management technique, affects orchard generalist predator communities and the parasitoids of a pest species and prey item of spiders, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). I also examined how applications of kaolin to apple foliage affect the behaviour of C. rosaceana larvae and whether this alters the predation on larvae by spiders. Comparisons of spider assemblages in natural habitats adjacent to apple orchards in southern Québec indicated that deciduous forest had spider assemblages similar in to those in the orchard foliage. The composition of the spiders that colonized the apple orchards changed over a small spatial scale (10-50 m). The relative abundance of individuals among spider species in older orchards was more evenly distributed than in assemblages of recently colonized spiders, suggesting that local dynamics also shape the composition of the spider assemblages over time. Kaolin on apple leaves changed C. rosaceana larval behaviour: third and fourth instar larvae and neonates took longer to build leaf shelters, and ne
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".