âThe Awakening Has Comeâ: Canadian First Nations in the Great War Era, 1914-1932
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the Great War era from 1914 to 1932, the historical literature has cast First Nations peoples as actors without agency, reacting primarily to government policy.This article will demonstrate that government policy had less of an impact on First Nations peoples than scholars have led readers to believe.At the outbreak of war in 1914, First Nations communities' responses to the prospect of enlistment were varied.For those who did enlist, many were attempting to reconnect with the spirit of their ancestors.Once overseas, Indigenous soldiers found themselves in overwhelmingly anglicised environments.Despite these assimilative conditions, they practiced and sustained cultural and martial Indigenous tradition.When they returned home, First Nations veterans breathed new life into Indigenous political organisation.They created the League of Indians of Canada at the end of 1918, agitating for the well-being of First Nations peoples across the country.This article will argue that First Nations individuals and communities utilised the event of the Great War to further both personal and communal interests in a time of great uncertainty and assimilation.I n a 1919 publication, Duncan Campbell Scott, the Canadian deputy superintendent of the Department of Indian Affairs, said, " [T]he end of the [First World W]ar should mark the beginning of a new era for [First Nations] wherein they shall play an increasingly honourable and useful part in the history of a country that was once the free and © Canadian Military History 24, no. 2 (Summer/Autumn 2015)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.042 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".