Foraging Behavior of the Variegated Flycatcher (<i>Empidonomus varius</i>) at Two North American Vagrancy Sites in the Context of Foraging in Its Native Range
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Only two vagrant Variegated Flycatchers (Empidonomus varius), a South American tyrannid that has an austral migrant population, are presently known from Florida.The first occurred in June 2013 in St. Johns County, and the most recent in October 2015 in Broward County.Little is known about most aspects of the species' biology.Observations on foraging behavior of the species in Florida in one case added detail and some new information on the relationship of search and aerial prey captures on foliage to the structure of a favored tree crown that appeared to complement and facilitate the manner of foraging.Search and prey-capture behavior in Florida was generally consistent with the limited information available in the literature on foraging in its native range.The species is an aerial sallying forager, taking flying insects in open air and stationary prey on foliage.It also consumes fleshy fruits, which may vary in importance depending on season in South America.Similarly, one individual in Florida combined frugivory with insectivory.The primary tactic for capturing prey on foliage and in the air, and in taking fruit in situ, appears to be a sally-stall maneuver.Detailed descriptive and quantitative work on variation of intraspecific foraging behavior is often scarce in the avian literature, but such detail is needed to support comparative analyses that seek to understand the evolution of foraging radiations in groups of related birds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".