HPV variants in Inuit women from Nunavik, Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Inuit communities in Northern Quebec have high rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical cancer, and cervical cancer-related mortality as compared to the Canadian population. High Risk (HR) HPV types can be further classified as intratypic variants based on genetic sequence. Specific sequence differences may affect the time to clear an infection and thus oncogenicity. There is limited information on which intratypic variants are found in circumpolar areas. There is also no previous research on the association between different intratypic variants and infection persistence within Inuit women. Methods: 749 Inuit women between the ages of 15- 69 years from Nunavik had HPV DNA collected along with Pap smear samples opportunistically between the years 2002-2010. HR-HPV samples were sequenced to determine the intratypic variant. The different variants and variant lineages present were described and compared to a similar circumpolar population. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between different sequences and infection persistence. Results: There were 187 women that were positive for HPV- 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 56, or 58 during follow-up. There were 5 different HPV16 variants, all of which of European lineage, amongst the 57 women positive for this type. There were 8 different variants of HPV-18 present and all were of European lineage (n=21). The majority of samples of HPV-31 (n=52) were of lineage B. The age-adjusted hazard rate of clearing an infection was 3.13 times higher (95% CI 1.10-8.97) in individuals infected with non-prototypic HPV-16 samples as compared to those infected with prototypic samples. The opposite association was seen with HPV-52 as prototypic samples were cleared faster than non-prototypic samples after adjusting for age and number of clinic visits. Conclusion: These frequencies are similar to what was seen in another circumpolar region of Canada, although there appears to be less diversity as no non-European variants were present. This study shows that most variants were clustered in one lineage for each HPV type. Intratypic variation may also be used as a predictor of viral clearance for certain HR-HPV types in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".