Increasing renewable energy in a community in Ontario with biomass : technical, economic and regulatory evaluation
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The core objective of this work is to determine whether a renewable energy option based on biomass could replace some of the current energy mix in the community of Kingston, Ontario, Canada and be economically, technically and socially feasible within the existing regulatory framework.Four different options are examined: 1) a 40 MW wood-chip CHP combustion plant generating 10 MW electric and no heat; 2) a 40 MW wood chip CHP combustion plant generating 4 MW electric and 30 MW heat; 3) a 40 MW wood-chip CHP gasification plant generating 10 MW electric and 24 MW heat; and a 2 MW biogas plant generating 2 MW electric and 2 MW heat.All four options make use of existing feedstock in and around Kingston, namely wood, crop residue and animal waste from farming.In all 4 cases the projects are economically, technically and socially feasible.To determine the degree to which Kingston can reduce its annual greenhouse gases as a result of implementing 2 of the options, statistics for Kingston's green house gases for 2006 are used, and Kingston's own target for reducing its CO 2 emissions by 16% below 2006 by 2020 are compared.below year 2000 levels by 2014.This goal was stimulated by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities program Partners for Climate Protection which Kingston City Council opted to join in 2001.Kingston has an alternative energy cluster called SWITCH which assists local residents and industries to adopt green measures offered under the government of Ontario's Standard Offer Program for Renewable Energy or the rebate program of Kingston Electricity Distribution Limited.These programs support those who wish to produce and sell renewable energy to the grid.One such project was that of a Kingston homeowner in 2007 who began to produce and sell solar power from his home.From an environmental perspective, it should be viable to switch to biomass within the current energy mix, as the availability of biomass within a 150 km radius of Kingston is abundant and accessible.This is because Kingston is situated within the Eastern Ontario Model Forest (EOMF), which encompasses 1.5 million hectares of mixed forest, urban and agricultural land in eastern Ontario, and 90 percent of the land is privately owned.It is located in the Great Lakes-St.Lawrence forest region between the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers.The forest's dominant tree species include basswood, beech, red maple, sugar maple, white ash, white spruce and yellow birch.The Eastern Ontario Model Forest certifies private woodlots, and promotes urban forestry and landowner education.The Canadian Model Forest Network (CMFN) includes Canada's 14 Model Forests and has as partners private citizens, forest companies, parks, Aboriginal communities, provincial governments and universities.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it