Improved vaccine platform for safe and effective control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), a Pestivirus with single stranded viral genome, is prevalent in cattle.Commercial BVDV vaccines have many side effects and are not completely protective because BVDV strains are highly diverse.Biosecurity control measures coupled with BVDV vaccination are practiced to minimize incidences of BVDV infection within herds, but BVDV still persists in cattle herds in many places in the world.Hence, the objective of the first study was to address the lack of a safe and efficacious BVDV vaccine.A prototype subunit vaccine comprising of mosaic BVDV antigens, envelop (E2) and non-structural (NS2-3) antigens, from BVDV type 1a, 1b, and 2 along with unique as well as shared B cell and CD4 + T cell epitopes was generated.The mosaic BVDV antigens were shown to be highly immunogenic in calves and elicited broadly neutralizing antibody responses against diverse BVDV-1a, -1b, and -2a strains.The mosaic antigens also induced strong BVDV-1 and -2 cross-reactive bovine CD4 + T cell responses.Following BVDV-1b challenge, the prototype vaccine conferred better protection than a commercial killed virus (KV) vaccine as judged by significant (p < 0.05) reduction in viremia and BVD disease in the vaccinated calves.The results from this study therefore indicated that a rationally designed multi-epitope BVDV subunit vaccine can offer broader protection than a commercial BVDV vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1a, -1b, and -2a strains.In the second study, twenty-eight novel CD8 + T cell epitopes were identified from various BVDV antigens.The identified IFN-γ-inducing CD8 + T cell epitopes were conserved across >200 BVDV-1 and -2 strains.These highly conserved CD8 + T cell epitopes can prime broadly reactive CD8 + T cells against multiple BVDV strains in cattle.Future analyses of the novel well-conserved BVDV epitopes for the induction of cytotoxic CD8 + T lymphocyte (CTL) responses will lead to the identification of protective determinants that can be included in a subunit BVDV vaccine.Altogether, the knowledge generated by the studies outlined in this thesis will form a basis for development of more efficacious contemporary BVDV vaccines capable of conferring broad protection against diverse BVDV strains.Improved vaccine platform for safe and effective control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus By
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".