Investigations into the toxicology and pharmacology of spirolides, a novel group of shellfish toxins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mammalian toxicity of spirolides, a novel group of macrocyclic imines, was first revealed in routine monitoring for diarrhetic shelltïsh poisoning (DSP) toxins from shellfïsh aquaculture sites in Nova Scotia, Canada. Spirolides elicit a novel and highly potent toxic response in mice after intraperitoneal injections. In toxicological studies, the oral and intraperitoneal toxicities of spirolides in mice were determined to be approximately 1 mg kg-’ and 40 μg kg“, respectively. The pharmacological effects of spirolides were also characterized by subjecting mice to various drugs (e.g., atropine, physostigmine, propanolol and epinephrine), followed by a challenge with a spirolide- rich extract of A. ostenfeldii cultures or purified spirolides. Some therapeutants were capable of enhancing survivability, whereas others produced faster death times. After administration of “antidotes” to these therapeutants, and the observationof reversa1 or enhancement of spirolide effects, at least one mode of action was indicated. Spirolides appear to affect the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in mammalian systems. The potential implications for human health, if any, from consuming spirolide-contaminated shelltïsh have not yet been determined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".