Investigating child drowning prevention mechanisms in pioneer countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the last decade, drowning has killed over 2.5 million people throughout the world. The highest rate of drowning is among under-five-year children. Despite efforts made for prevention, child drowning is still a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the drowning prevention strategies implemented in leading countries. METHODS: Available sources were reviewed and the common drowning prevention strategies of different countries were specified. USA, Australia, and Canada were compared based on the following aspects: 1) The parameters presented in the drowning reports, and 2) The considered preventive measures. Finally, the strategies were compared according to these aspects. RESULTS: Comparing the preventive measures in the strategies adopted by the target countries revealed that the USA considers five monitoring measures including restricting access, water safety training, rescue training, and life jackets, while Australia and Canada do not include life jackets and rescue training, respectively. Examining the parameters presented in the drowning reports of these countries showed that the USA presents the most parameters (i.e. sex, life stages, activity, location, time, fall, alcohol/drugs, life jacket, visitor, swim skills, race, floods/storms, remoteness, diseases, weather, and supervision) in its reports. Among these parameters in Australia, life jacket, visitor, swim skills, race, weather, and supervision, and in Canada, race, floods/storms, remoteness, diseases, and weather were not published. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the strategies used in these three countries are generally similar, however, there are some differences in the manner of implementation and details of the considered parameters and preventive measures. Establishing a central organization for drowning prevention in Iran is suggested, which can provide strategies for drowning prevention at a national level according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization and leading countries. Our strategies for drowning prevention should be localized regarding Iran's climate and culture. KEYWORDS: Drowning, Drowning Prevention, Water Safety
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".