Legislating Trans Lives: An Archival Analysis on Trans Canadian Rights
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous research has outlined trans histories within the United States and Europe, illustrating historic transphobia, oppression and the origins of gender identity clinics. This type of historical literature is limited in the Canadian context, with more contemporary research demonstrating that trans people experience significant barriers to accessing healthcare, aversive health outcomes, and high rates of discrimination. Trans activists and advocates have always been and continue to resist these oppressive systems and have worked to improve the social and physical wellbeing of trans people in Canada. Utilizing archival data of trans activism and community mobilizing, I sought to address the gap in Canadian trans history in this dissertation. I approached this gap with two research objectives focusing on the lived experiences of trans Canadians: 1) provide an overview of archival data that highlights how legislation and/or policies policed, criminalized or otherwise restricted trans identities or gender expression in Canada., and 2) use archival data to examine the administration of transition-related healthcare in Canada and the systemic barriers trans people faced when navigating the healthcare system. Using archival methodology, I collected roughly 12,079 pages’ worth of archival data from the Transgender Archives, ArQuives, Digital Transgender Archives and Two-Spirit Archives to understand, from trans activists’ and advocates’ perspectives, the oppressive systems they were working against. These data included court cases, reports, pamphlets, oral histories, photos, correspondence and newspapers. My findings highlight many forms of administrative violence enacted on trans people, such as police inaction to mitigate transphobic violence, restrictive policies for accessing transition-related care, and devaluation and deprioritization of transition-related care across Canada. My findings further illustrate that the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Canada’s first gender clinic, set a precedent for coercive, harmful and transphobic healthcare in Canada. These findings, as well as other forms of administrative violence, are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.014 | 0.019 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.039 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".