Modeling of fluid injection-related processes in hydrocarbon reservoirs in Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the last decade, with the development of horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing technology, extraction of unconventional resources has significantly increased in western Canada. These industrial activities have been associated with the rise in the seismicity rate. This thesis aimed to improve the quality of the available geomechanical models of the injection-induced seismicity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, by incorporating detailed geoscience characterization for two unconventional reservoirs of the Duvernay Formation in the Fox Creek area and the Cardium Formation in West Pembina. Hydraulic fracturing has induced seismicity in the first area, but no induced seismicity has been detected in the second. A 3D multi-layered geomechanical modeling coupled with fluid flow was applied in order to simulate fluid injection and obtaining the pore pressure and stress changes on the pre-exiting faults for both geological regions. Differences in geology including reservoir rock properties (i.e., elastic parameters and hydraulic properties), distance to the basement faults, presence of pre-exiting faults, stress field, and hydraulic properties of the underlying formations are shown to be primarily responsible for the differences in induced seismicity. In addition, a 2D one-layered geomechanical model coupled with fluid flow was constructed for analyzing the induced seismicity cluster that occurred in Dec 2014-Jan 2015 in the Fox Creek. To quantify the simulation results different scenarios for operational parameters, faults orientation, hydraulic properties of the reservoir and faults were investigated. The spatiotemporal distribution of pore pressure and Coulomb failure stress reveal that there is permeability heterogeneity in the reservoir in sections of pre-existing faults. Ultimately, the 2D geomechanical modeling approach was improved by defining the reservoir porosity and permeability as a function of pore pressure and stress field. The pressure-dependent model also suggests heterogeneity in reservoir permeability, as changes in seismicity rate is related to changes in porosity and permeability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".