Mobilization and detoxification of soils, contaminated with carcinogenic oxyanions using micro-and nano- sized metallic particles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soil washing is a treatment process that has been used extensively for toxicant extraction, yet the process does not detoxify the mobilized pollutants per se. The more common detoxification processes include redox reactions that are mediated by zero-valent metals (ZVMs). Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is desirable, as the latter specie is toxicologically innocuous to most living organisms and also has a low mobility and bioavailability. The main goals of this project included the development of an efficient treatment for the extraction and inactivation of toxic inorganic anions using ZVMs from contaminated soils. A variety of micron-sized ZVMs (Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Si, and Zn); metallic mixtures (Pd/Fe, Ag/Fe, Cu/Fe, Zn/Fe, Co/Fe, Mg/Fe, Ni/Fe, Al/Fe, Si/Fe, Pd/Cu, Pd/Zn, Pd/Cu/Fe, Pd/Zn/Fe, and Zn/Cu/Fe); Cu and Fe nano-sized particles (NPs), and selected nano-sized bimetallic analogs (Pd/Fe, Cu/Fe and Pd/Cu) were evaluated for reactivity towards the reduction of Cr(VI) in a surfactant preparation (Tween® 20) under a selection of reaction conditions. At circum neutral pHs, a rapid inactivation of the surface was observed for almost all the tested metals whereas complete reduction of Cr(VI) was achieved at acidic pH only by using Cu, Fe, Mg, or Zn. Relative to the reactivity of the zero-valent iron, the tested bimetallic mixtures (Pd/Fe > Pd/Zn> Ag/Fe > Ni/Fe> Zn/Fe > Pd/Cu > Cu/Fe) appreciably increased the pseudo-first order rate constant. The Zn/Cu/Fe, represented a cost-effective preparation providing comparable or improved kinetic parameters relative to the more expensive palladized bimetallic mixtures. The results suggest that the cementation of a noble metal serves not only as a reaction accelerator but also provides protection of the ZVM surface impeding its rapid inactivation. A considerable increase in reactivity (up to 100-fold) was observed with NPs. The formation of clusters of polymeric structures provided a
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".