Myrmecophily and habitat use of the European Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus: (Lycaenidae Rottemburg, 1775)) in Quebec, North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Invasive species have become a growing ecological concern caused by the increase in frequency of global human transportation. An important step in studying biological invasions is identifying the ecological niche a new species will occupy in its environment. in an effort to predict its expansion and its effect on native ecosystems. The effective range of a species consists of habitats in which a species is able to complete its life cycle, to sustain its population. The European Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus) is a non-native species established in Quebec since 2005, its only known distribution in North America to date and its first occurrence outside of its native range. As a species that forms mutualistic interactions with ants, i.e., a myrmecophilous species, this butterfly represents an opportunity to study the role of mutualistic interactions in the role of invasion success. The following research questions were investigated: \n1.\tWhether myrmecophilous interactions persist in the new range of P. icarus. \n2.\tWhich factors drive adult abundance and oviposition decision, among host preference, plant structures and habitat structure? \nMyrmecophilous interactions, adults and oviposition were surveyed through a field study in the area of Montreal, Quebec. A novel myrmecophilous interaction between the native ant species Lasius neoniger and P. icarus was documented in the summer 2019. Adult presence was positively correlated with the abundance of Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense and Medicago lupulina. More adults and eggs were found in sites with shorter vegetation. T. pratense and M. lupulina. Eggs were laid as a function of host availability, without any significant preference for a particular species, and preferably in shorter vegetation. This field study gives support for the importance of vegetation structure in habitat selection in P. icarus, and suggests that this species will likely occupy disturbed or artificial habitats in North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".