Musculoskeletal deformities and fractures in Parkinson’s disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sufian Masroor,1 M. A. Rana,2 Bashir Alenazi31McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 2Parkinson’s Clinic of Eastern Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 3Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by a variety of severely debilitating motor and non-motor symptoms. Further, an increased risk of skeletal deformities and fractures, conditions ranging from scoliosis to osteoporosis, is of noteworthy importance. Following are some of the skeletal deformities seen in PD. Scoliosis, a lateral curving of the spine, is more common in PD patients than in the general population. Although the exact relationship between scoliosis and PD is not clearly known, it has been suggested that scoliosis is closely related to the dopamine deficiency associated with PD. Several studies have noted that the direction of the spinal curvature is correlated with the laterality of the major signs and symptoms of PD.1 It has been suggested that patients may slowly develop a tendency to lean towards the affected lagging side of PD during walking. This may result in the curvature of the spine seen in scoliosis, although genetic, biomechanical, or hormonal factors may play a role as well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".