Permeability measurements from a potential deep geological repository site
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Bruce nuclear site in Canada has been proposed \nto host a Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) for Low and \nIntermediate Level Radioactive Waste (L&ILW). The \nrepository would be constructed within a low \npermeability, argillaceous limestone, the Upper \nOrdovician age Cobourg Formation. Here, we present the \nresults of two steady-state laboratory hydraulic \nconductivity tests performed to measure the intrinsic \npermeability of rock core samples from the Cobourg and \noverlying Queenston shale formations; both samples were \nmeasured under an isotropic confining pressure using a \nconstant head approach. Pump pressures and volumes \nwere recorded for upstream and downstream pumps, \nthroughout testing. The resulting hydraulic inflow and \noutflow rates were measured for each sample under two \ndifferent pressure gradients, yielding exceptionally low \nvalues of permeability (on the order of 10-22 m2 or 0.1 \nnD). These data provide further evidence of the \napplicability of existing steady-state experimental \nmethods to obtain reliable estimates of extremely low \npermeabilities from rock core samples under reestablished \nin-situ stress conditions. The exceptionally \nlow permeability of these formations, consistent with insitu \ntesting and formation scale estimates obtained during \nthe site characterisation program, along with their low \nporosities, renders them an effective barrier to hydraulic \nflow for the purpose of geological isolation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".