Organochlorine Pesticide Contamination and its Potential Effects on Eggshell Characteristics of Dickcissels (Spiza americana)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dickcissels (Spiza americana) are small, sparrow-like songbirds that nest in grasslands in the U.S. and winter in Venezuela. Fanners in Venezuela intentionally spray dickcissel flocks with organochlorine (DC) and other illegal pesticides in an attempt to kill them when they feed in both rice and sorghum fields. Previous studies have shown that organochlorine (DC) pesticide' contaminants (e.g., DDT) have significantly reduced eggshell thickness in eagles and falcons.. Although DDT was banned in the United States more than twenty years ago, DC compounds and their metabolites still persist in wildlife, possibly resulting in reduced reproductive success and in disrupted endocrine systems (Harper et al. 1996). Recent studies (e.g., Harper et al. 1996; Klemens et al. 2000; Bartuszegvige et al. 2002) have shown DC contamination in Neotropica1 migratory passerines (i.e., songbirds that breed in Canada and the United States and winter in Mexico and Central and South America.), including dickcissels. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between DC contamination on thickness and color (hue, saturation and brightness) of dickcissel eggshells. The ecological implications of contamination may include the effect of eggshell coloration on the amount of male parental investment, reduced hatching success of dickcissel eggs, as well as the success of dickcissels in rejecting brownheaded cowbird (Molothrus ater) eggs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".