Penetration of Circular and Elliptical Liquid Jets into Gaseous Crossflow: A Combined Theoretical and Numerical Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A combined theoretical and numerical study of liquid jet deformation discharged perpendicularly into a subsonic transverse gas flow is carried out. Near-field trajectory of the jet is determined from an analytical approach for momentum flux ratios up to 100. Force balance on liquid element is analyzed in free stream direction assuming that surface tension and viscous forces are small compared to the aerodynamic force acting on the liquid column. Mass shedding from jet surface and liquid evaporation are neglected; therefore, the jet cross-sectional area and the jet velocity are invariable. A logarithmic correlation for the trajectory of elliptical liquid jets is proposed that takes into account the liquid to gas momentum ratio and drag coefficient. The changes in freestream properties and the gas velocity are incorporated in terms of the drag coefficient. In the numerical part, the drag coefficients of elliptical profiles with various aspect ratios are formulated based on the gas Reynolds number using a two dimensional model. The trajectories of elliptical jets with various aspect ratios are calculated based on the obtained drag coefficients. It is shown that the jets with lower aspect ratios penetrate more into the crossflow. Furthermore, the deformation of a circular liquid jet subject to a gaseous crossflow is simulated using a three dimensional model. Volume of Fluid method is employed to capture the interface between the two phases and the first moment of closure is used to model Reynolds stresses in Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The deformations of the jet cross-section as the jet penetrates into the crossflow are illustrated. It is shown that the model is capable of resolving the Counter-rotating Vortex Pair (CVP) formed downstream of the jet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".