Phenotypic variation in Larix lyallii and relations in the larch genus / by Olenka Bakowsky
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Larix Iyallii Parl, (alpine larch) is a small to medium tree \nrestricted to the timberline zone of the mountainous regions \nof the Pacific Northwest of the United States and the adjacent \nsouthwest of Canada. To examine the pattern of phenotypic \nvariation expressed in alpine larch cones and needles, field \ncollections were made in 1985 and 1986 from 11 populations \ncovering most of the species' range. Additionally, samples \nwere collected from 6 populations of L. occidentalis Nutt, \n(western larch) to compare these two closely related species. \nMorphometric analyses were based on 45 needle and 11 \ncone characters. Alpine larch cones averaged 32.2 mm in \nlength, 14.8 mm in diameter and possessed close to 50 cone \nscales. Short shoot needles were 26.0 mm long, 0.7 mm wide \nand 0.5 mm thick. An average of 7.8 epithelial cells \nsurrounded each of the two resin canals In the needles. \nBoth principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant \nanalysis (DA) distinguished the two species. PCA of the alpine \nlarch needle data indicated limited differentiation between \npopulations. The principal components could not be correlated \nto latitude, longitude or elevation. DA variation expressed in \nthe needle and cone characters was difficult to interpret: \nneighbouring populations were often more distinct than \ndistant ones. Microgeographic variation in site and climate may influence alpine larch populations to such an extent that \nbroad geographic patterns, if present, were not detectable. \nAlternatively, genetic drift may be responsible for the \nvariation displayed. Overall, phenotypic variation within L. \nIyallli appears to be less than that observed In L. occldentalis. \nThe general methodology used to examine alpine and \nwestern larch populations was applied to herbarium specimens \nmade from the living collection of larches of the Arnold \nArboretum of Harvard University, representing 7 of the 10 \nrecognized species of Larix Mill. Based on the limited number \nof samples available, DA correctly classified all specimens \nInto their correct species groups. The expressed pattern of \nvariation was loosely associated with the geographic \ndistribution of the species. DA, and PCA, also distinguished, \nand thus provided some support for, the two proposed sections \nof Larix. Multiserlales Patschke and Pauciseriales Patschke.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".