Race, Recognition and Retribution in Contemporary Youth Justice: The Intractability Malleability Thesis (Routledge Critical Studies in Crime, Diversity and Criminal Justice)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The contemporary youth justice (YJ) landscape pulsates with concerns about deviance and punishment amplification. The historic vision to secure society by assuring youth’s developmental needs—whether viewed as egalitarian or utilitarian—slopes unfavourably towards a criminogenic orientation succeeding in undermining the wellbeing of the most vulnerable youth. The disproportionate incarceration of Black, racialized youth, in western states like England and Canada, occupies a central place in these concerns. This book provides an analysis emphasizing that Black youth’s position as the most punished, problematically, simultaneously situates them as the most punishable. This positioning sustains their vulnerability, by organizing a series of problematic binaries informing their recognition in the institutions they navigate and within the broader community: as punished but punishable; as victims and perpetrators—as reluctant deviants, but deviants, nonetheless. The book takes the position that Black youth’s disproportionate incarceration is not a matter of criminal justice alone, but a broader matter of the historic unequal status of Black peoples in western society. Following the tradition of deviance invention scholarship, the book writes race into early modern English and Canadian youth penal reform. To date, race’s place in early penal reform, in England and Canada, remains variously hidden, minimized or erased, within criminological histories. This is despite what the rich scholarship on class and gender reveals about the importance of knowing the historical roots which remain relevant to our contemporary concerns. Against this backdrop, the book originates the intractability/malleability (I/M) thesis. This starts with the proposal that historically race played a uniquely adverse role, relegating Black youth to a status of intractably deviant outsiders, in contrast to the malleability attributed the White, working-class youth. It is remarkable that while the White, working-class youth drew the sort of attention which contributed to their recognition as morally problematic (inevitably fated for delinquency), they were still considered malleable, according to scholarship. This means that they were attributed a transformative potential as future workers and citizens (Trépanier, 2018; Levene, 2012). In engaging the I/M concept, the analysis emphasizes that racism and racialization played a uniquely adverse role, and this continues to have relevance to the contemporary positioning of racialized youth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".