Radio-echo sounding at Dome C, East Antarctica: A comparison of \nmeasured and modeled data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The internal layering architecture of ice sheets, detected with radio-echo sounding (RES), contains clues to past \nice-flow dynamics and mass balance. A common way of relating the recorded travel time of RES reflections to \ndepth is by integrating a wave-speed distribution. This results in an increasing absolute error with depth. \nWe present a synchronization of RES-internal layers of different radar systems (Alfred Wegener Institute, Center \nfor Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, British Antarctic Survey and \nUniversity of Texas Institute for Geophysics) with ice-core records from the Antarctic deep drill site Dome C. \nSynthetic radar traces are obtained from measurements of ice-core density and conductivity with a 1D model of \nMaxwell’s equations. The reflection peaks of the different radar systems’ measurements are shifted by a wigglematching \nalgorithm, so they match the synthetic trace. In this way, we matched pronounced internal reflections \nin the RES data to conductivity peaks with considerably smaller depth uncertainties, and assigned them with the \nice-core age. \nWe examine the differences in shifts and resolution of the different RES data to address the question of their \ncomparability and combined analysis for an extensive age-depth distribution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".