Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs): The Impact of Vitamin D on the Risk and Severity of Upper RTIs and the Role of Vitamin D in Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D may be important for immune function. Canadian studies have reported varying prevalences of low levels of vitamin D. Whether these low vitamin D levels are associated with susceptibility to respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and infection severity remains unclear given the inconsistent association in recent studies. Influenza virus as a cause of RTI is of particular interest given its prevalence, morbidity and economic burden. Vaccination is a key strategy in prevention, but little is known about the effect of vitamin D on influenza vaccine response. A prospective cohort study of children 3 to 15 years old living in Hutterite communities in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba was conducted to assess the prevalence and predictors of low vitamin D levels and evaluate the association between vitamin D and the incidence and severity of laboratory proven respiratory tract infections. In those who received influenza vaccination, the relationship between vitamin D and influenza vaccine immunogenicity was examined. A total of 743 children were included in the study. The median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (25[OH]D) was 62.0 nmol/L (interquartile range 51.0, 74.0). Levels lower than 50 nmol/L were present in 152 children (20.5%) and lower than 75 nmol/L in 565 children (76%). Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with increased risk of RTI. No association was found between serum 25(OH)D level and disease severity. There was also no relationship found between serum 25(OH)D level and seroprotection or seroconversion from inactivated influenza vaccine. In conclusion, low serum 25(OH)D levels are a significant problem in Canadian Hutterite communities. Furthermore, low serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with increased risk of proven upper RTIs. Studies evaluating the role of vitamin D supplementation to reduce the burden of disease are warranted, and strategies to improve vitamin D status in rural communities in Canada are needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".