Worn down and Aged a Method for Estimating Age-at-Death of Reindeer and Caribou Using Tooth Eruption and Wear
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reindeer and caribou (<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>) are a cold climate-adapted cervid that is widespread across the northern portions of Eurasia and North America. These animals are characteristic species of arctic and subarctic regions and exist as several different subspecies and ecotype populations. Caribou and reindeer are important to numerous northern peoples’ culture, subsistence, and wellbeing. They exist in wild and domestic forms, both providing food and materials (e.g., hide, sinew, bone, and antler). Through interactions with these animals social and cultural practices continue and flourish, such as participating in herding, hunting, and transforming Rangifer bodies into food, clothing, and shelter. The relationships between people and caribou/reindeer have been ongoing, likely for as long as people have shared geographic space with these animals. Evidence of these enduring relationships are clear at archaeological sites across the Circumpolar North. One such region is the Iamal Peninsula in Western Arctic Siberia where reindeer domestication has been developing for over 2,000 years, and hunters have been procuring wild reindeer for even longer. This research explores past people -Rangifer interactions through zooarchaeological analysis, specifically tooth eruption and wear age estimation. Three previously developed visual-based tooth eruption and wear ageing methods for Rangifer tarandus were evaluated for effectiveness, finding that existing methods are not suitable for zooarchaeogical studies of arctic/subarctic caribou populations. A newly refined visual-based dental ageing method was designed for reindeer and caribou based on 609 known age animals (from Canada and Finland). This new method was applied to reindeer remains from Iarte VI, an Iron Age habitation site in the Iamal Peninsula to illustrate its application. This thesis demonstrates the utility of visual-based tooth eruption and wear for investigating integrations between people and reindeer/caribou.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".