Behaviour of concrete corbels reinforced with GFRP bent bars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steel-reinforced concrete (RC) corbels are one of the significant components in the precast buildings and superstructure of bridges, and they are used for load transfer from girders or slabs to columns. In North America, such elements are exposed to harsh weather, which makes them more susceptible to corrosion problems. This study focused on the behaviour and performance of reinforced concrete corbels using non-corrodible glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP). The study involved constructing and testing fourteen large-scale concrete double-sided corbel specimens to failure. Twelve out of the fourteen corbels were reinforced with GFRP bent bars, and the remaining two were reinforced with steel reinforcement as control specimens. Four out of the twelve GFRP-RC corbels were cast using high-strength concrete (HSC), while the remaining eight were constructed using normal-strength concrete (NSC). The corbel was tapered with cross-sectional dimensions of 450 mm deep × 300 mm wide at the corbel-column interface and 300 deep × 300 mm wide at the free edge. The overall length of each corbel, measured from the corbel-column interface, was 600 mm. All corbels were tested in an inverted position under displacement-controlled monotonic loading. The test variables were the shear span-to-depth ratio, main reinforcement ratio, crack-control horizontal reinforcement ratio, and concrete strength. The test results were presented in terms of the cracking and ultimate capacities, deflection and strains in reinforcement and were compared to predicted values by relevant Canadian Standards and American Codes. The test results indicated the formation of the strut-and-tie-model (STM) and showed that increasing the concrete strength and main reinforcement ratio increased the stiffness and load-carrying capacity of the corbel to a large extent. Increasing the shear span-to-depth ratio and decreasing the crack-control horizontal reinforcement ratio led to a significant decrease in the load-carrying capacity of the corbel. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the behaviour and performance of the non-corrodible GFRP reinforcement in concrete corbels. The results can lead to the development of design guidelines and standards for corbels, especially in North America, where harsh weather makes such components more susceptible to corrosion problems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".