Cultural Resilience, Identity and the Restructuring of Political Power in Bolivia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
"On January 22, 2006, history was made in Bolivia when Evo Morales was sworn in as Bolivia's first indigenous president, becoming the first leader of a rural-based social movement to govern a Latin American nation. Against the historical backdrop of a brutal colonial regime, elitist statehood, revolution and, most recently, neoliberal structural adjustment, the resilience of Bolivia's original peoples is striking. This paper explores key events and actors in a decades long struggle through which Bolivia's marginalized indigenous population succeeded in gaining the most powerful voice in the national political arena - a voice that had been silenced for over 500 years. With the political maturation of peasant and indigenous organizations, Bolivia's condition as a multilingual, plurinational state, with individual, community and territorially based rights to land and natural resources is increasingly important to its continued existence as a nation-state. The concept of ethno-ecological identity - a social identity shaped by the unique human-environment relationships of highland and lowland peoples - is key to understanding the dominant political alliances in Bolivia today, and visions for the future. The extent to which strength and unity in diversity makes for a viable and durable political alternative to Western imposed notions of development remains to be seen, but there is no doubt that it marks a fundamental and irreversible shift in the Bolivian political landscape. Based in part on in- depth interviews with campesino and indigenous leaders, intellectuals and political activists in Bolivia during the period leading up to the 2005 election, this paper identifies critical elements in the evolution from Andean cultural resilience to indigenous political capital, with the goal of informing similar processes underway in other parts of the world."
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".