Determining the Distribution of Wintering Red-tailed Hawk Subspecies in Illinois
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Determining the Distribution of Wintering Red-tailed Hawk Subspecies in Illinois Steven Burkett1, Meredith Fraker2, Miles Keeton1, Eleanor Blew2 Given Harper1,2* Environmental Studies Program1 and Biology Department2, Illinois Wesleyan University Red-tail hawks (Buteo jamaicensis; RTHAs) are one of the most common large diurnal raptors found throughout North America. Four of 14 recognized subspecies winter in Illinois: Buteo jamaicensis borealis, the predominant subspecies found year-round in Illinois and eastern North America; B. j. calurus (breeds in western North America); B. j. kriderii (breeds in northern Great Plains and western Canada); B. j. harlani (breeds in Alaska). B. j. abieticola, a putative subspecies, breeds from New England to southeast Alaska. Few systematic efforts have been conducted to determine the winter distribution of RTHA subspecies in Illinois. Wintering RTHAs were identified via analyses of photos of live-trapped hawks, photo submissions to eBird (a national repository of documented bird sightings in the U.S.), documentation in Vert Net (listing of RTHA study skins in museum collections), photos from private individuals, and winter raptor surveys. Preliminary photo analyses (n = 747) indicate that B. j. borealis comprised 88.49% of sightings, followed by B. j. calurus (4.82%), B. j. abieticola (3.61%), B. j. harlani (1.34%) and B. j. kriderii (0.94%). Our analysis corroborates Wheeler’s (2018) distribution map for B. j. calurus and B. j. borealis, which winter throughout Illinois. However, the Wheeler distribution maps of wintering B. j. kriderii and B. j. harlani only extended into the southwestern and western edges of Illinois. In contrast, our data indicate both subspecies winter northeast of Wheeler’s demarcation, extending into central and northern Illinois. The distribution of B. j. kriderii expanded 97.63 km east and 44.64 km north of Wheeler’s distribution, and 90.18 km east and 70.93 km north for B.j. harlani. B. j. abieticola was found throughout the northeastern and central regions of the state. These data can aid in understanding how climate change may alter the future winter distribution pattern of RTHA subspecies in the midwestern U.S.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".