The dynamics of police legitimacy among young people
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surveys conducted in Northern Ireland generally find that young people with overtly negative views of the police are a minority, albeit a substantial one (Byrne, Conway, & Ostermeyer, 2005; Hamilton, Radford, & Jarman, 2003). One of the most comprehensive studies of young people’s experiences and perceptions of the police in Northern Ireland was conducted by Hamilton, Radford and Jarman (2003). More respondents in their sample of 16-24 year olds agreed than disagreed that the police were professional, helpful and there to protect them. However this still left around one quarter of young people who were very dissatisfied with the police. Although Hamilton et al.’s sample was not a random sample, so such frequencies should be treated with caution, their general findings are largely replicated by the 2007 Young Persons Behaviour and Attitudes Survey (YPBAS), which takes a random sample of schools in Northern Ireland, and a random sample of classes within those schools. The YPBAS found that while 48 percent were either satisfied or very satisfied with ‘the way police in Northern Ireland do their job’, 24 percent were either not very or not at all satisfied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".