Epidemiology, genetic variance, and symptomology of grapevine viruses in Canada: A metagenomic approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The global grape and wine industry holds plays a significant role in the Canadian economy. However, the spread of grapevine viruses is posing a serious threat to this industry. Two such viruses, Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) and Grapevine Red Blotch Virus (GRBV), have caused substantial harm in viticulture regions like Italy and the United States, and their presence in Canada has recently been confirmed. Despite this, many epidemiological aspects of these viruses in Canada remain poorly studied. This two-part project seeks to provide novel insights into the epidemiology of GPGV and GRBV. \nThe first part focused on investigating the genomic variance of GPGV in Canada. Researchers obtained the genome of 26 GPGV isolates from the four main grape-growing regions of Canada through high throughput sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of their genomes revealed that Canadian GPGV is closely related to GPGV isolates in the United States, but distinct from isolates in Europe and Asia. The source of GPGV in Canada was likely a recent import from France, and the majority of Canadian GPGV isolates belong to the asymptomatic clade. \nThe second objective involved monitoring the spread of grapevine viruses by deploying 40 virus-free sentinel vines in two vineyards of different agronomic practices in the Niagara region, both heavily infected with GRBV and GPGV. After 4 months of exposure to the infected vineyards and 11 months in a controlled environment, 46% of surviving sentinel vines were infected with GPGV. No spread of GRBV was observed. GPGV spread faster in the organic vineyard (72% infection rate) compared to the conventional one (5% infection rate). A scan for alternative hosts for grapevine viruses found that all samples from floor covering and perennial plants were free of grapevine viruses, but four out of five wild grape samples harbored GPGV. \nThese findings underscore the importance of rigorous screening of imported plant material to prevent the introduction of grapevine viruses to Canadian vineyards. To safeguard the sustainability and profitability of Canada's grape and wine industry, a reliable local source of virus-free planting material is imperative. Furthermore, vineyard managers should remain vigilant regarding wild grape, which can act as alternative reservoirs for grapevine viruses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".