Factors Influencing the Stability and Encapsulation Efficiency of Water-in-Oil and Water-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by PGPR and Sodium Caseinate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions were investigated using light scattering and rheology to determine the effect of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) concentration and inner aqueous phase composition on stability. Using high-pressure homogenization and 2% PGPR it was possible to obtain small and stable W/O emulsion droplets with 30% water. The emulsions were then incorporated in a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion, and droplets were still present in the inner phase after one month of storage, as clearly shown by confocal microscopy. Encapsulation efficiencies were tested using a water-soluble dye, brilliant blue and a divalent cation, magnesium chloride. The encapsulation efficiency and stability of the encapsulated material depended on the nature of the material being encapsulated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".