Insulin-taking behavior and memory problems among people with diabetes in five countries: findings from a web survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
\nMeryl Brod,1 Kathryn M Pfeiffer,1 Kasper Mandel Clausen,2 Rasmus Skovgaard,3 Jens Harald Kongsø21The Brod Group, Mill Valley, CA, USA; 2Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Development, Søborg, Denmark; 3Novo Nordisk Canada Inc., Market Access and External Affairs, Mississauga, ON, CanadaBackground: The purpose of this study was to explore memory problems that result in nonadherence with insulin treatment in people with diabetes from five countries (USA, UK, Canada, Germany, People's Republic of China), as well as the impact of memory problems on physical and emotional functioning, work, and diabetes management.Methods: A web survey was conducted in five countries with diabetic patients taking insulin. In three countries, focus groups and interviews with 64 patients treated with insulin were used to develop survey items. Three types of memory problems associated with insulin-taking were examined: unintentionally forgetting (UF), questioning whether or not one took a dose (QT), and questioning how much was taken (QD) over the past month. The survey focused on respondents who had experienced at least one of these memory problems.Results: The incidence of memory problems was high; 93.3% of those eligible for the survey reported having had a memory issue in the previous month. A total of 1,754 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes completed the web survey. Sixty-eight percent of respondents reported a UF, 79.6% a QT, and 54.7% a QD. A total of 35.9% of respondents reported experiencing all three memory problems. Respondents reported that memory problems had negative impacts on physical and emotional functioning, as well as time and functioning at work. Many respondents indicated that memory problems led them to taking additional blood glucose measurements and contacting physicians/health care professionals. The results demonstrated some significant differences across countries, some significant variation across patient demographics and disease characteristics, and few significant differences across types of insulin regime.Conclusion: Memory problems related to insulin-taking among people with diabetes were experienced by almost all patients. Memory problems are associated with poorer patient well-being and functioning, increased use of health care resources, lost time, and reduced functioning at work. Memory problems should be considered in diabetes treatment in order to improve insulin adherence, diabetes management, and patient outcomes.Keywords: insulin, memory problems, diabetes, web survey
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".