Interveners’ Ideas as Influence: Revisiting <i>Ktunaxa Nation</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the patriation of the Constitution in 1982, including the addition of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and provisions delineating the rights of Indigenous peoples, the Supreme Court of Canada inherited profound political powers. The number of non-governmental actors “intervening” in cases sharply increased. Judicial review produced a democratizing effect because a new “window of opportunity” for marginalized groups to enact social change through the Court was opened. However, several scholars suggest that in practice, the Constitution has led to “very few gains” for Indigenous peoples. To better understand the nature of Indigenous intervener participation, and to assess their potential to enact change through the courts, we conduct an in-depth analysis of intervener arguments in Ktunaxa Nation v British Columbia (Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations), 2017 SCC 54, a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision on the duty to consult and Indigenous religious freedom. Specifically, we conduct a novel, qualitative content analysis that compares intervener submissions to the Court’s written decision to measure the extent to which intervener testimony is reflected in the Court’s ruling. We find that while Indigenous interveners contextualized their rights claims by explaining relevant spiritual and cultural practices, and the effects of enduring legacies of colonialism, the Supreme Court of Canada neglected to explicitly engage with this testimony in its written decision. In contrast, the Saskatchewan Attorney General’s arguments were reflected in the court’s reasoning. We conclude that intervener influence may go beyond what is explicitly presented by the Court in its written decisions. Avec le rapatriement de la Constitution en 1982, à laquelle ont été ajoutées la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés et des dispositions définissant les droits des peuples autochtones, la Cour suprême du Canada a hérité de pouvoirs politiques importants. Le nombre d’acteurs non gouvernementaux « intervenant » dans les affaires judiciaires a nettement augmenté. Le contrôle judiciaire a eu un effet démocratisant, parce qu’il donne aux groupes marginalisés la possibilité d’opérer des changements sociaux par l’intermédiaire des tribunaux. Cependant, plusieurs chercheurs estiment qu’en pratique, la Constitution n’a apporté que « très peu de gains » aux peuples autochtones. Afin de mieux comprendre la nature de la participation des intervenants autochtones et d’évaluer leur potentiel de mise en oeuvre de changements par l’intermédiaire des tribunaux, nous effectuons une analyse approfondie des arguments des intervenants dans l’affaire Ktunaxa Nation c. British Columbia (Forests, Lands and Natural resource Operations), 2017 CSC 54, une décision historique de la Cour suprême du Canada concernant l’obligation de consulter et la liberté de religion des Autochtones. Plus précisément, nous faisons une analyse de contenu qualitative inédite qui compare les argumentations des intervenants à la décision écrite de la Cour afin d’évaluer la mesure dans laquelle les témoignages des intervenants sont pris en considération. Nous constatons que même si les intervenants autochtones ont contextualisé leurs revendications de droits en expliquant les pratiques spirituelles et culturelles pertinentes, ainsi que les séquelles permanentes du colonialisme, la Cour suprême du Canada a omis de tenir compte explicitement de ces témoignages dans sa décision écrite. En revanche, les arguments du procureur général de la Saskatchewan ont été pris en compte dans le raisonnement de la Cour. Nous concluons que l’influence des intervenants peut aller au-delà de ce qui est explicitement présenté par la Cour dans ses décisions écrites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.028 | 0.074 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.028 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".