The role of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The major source of virus production during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is activated CD4 T-cells, although infection of some other cell types can also contribute to virus production. A viral reservoir is either a cell type or an anatomical site whose properties can result in the persistence of infectious virus for a longer time period than the primary source of virus production, and several different HIV-1 reservoirs are known to exist. The work presented in this thesis examines three different aspects of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection. The first part (Chapter 2) is an investigation of the role of long-lived virus-producing cells during antiretroviral therapy. Specifically, cell culture experiments were designed that have resulted in a further understanding of the inhibition of HIV-1 replication in viral reservoirs. The second and third parts of this thesis (Chapters 3 and 4) consider the role of latently infected CD4 T-cells in HIV-1 infection. Latently infected cells carry an HIV-1 genome that is integrated into the cellular chromatin and does not produce viruses, but that retains the capacity for infectious virus production in the future. These cells form the latent reservoir, which represents the major barrier to an HIV-1 cure and necessitates life-long antiretroviral therapy for infected individuals. The work presented in Chapter 3 demonstrates that it is possible to inhibit the establishment of latent infection in vitro, something that has not yet been achieved clinically. Chapter 4 considers the potential contribution of latent viruses to viral genetic diversity, and shows that latent viruses can contribute to the development of multidrug resistance. In summary, the work presented in this thesis provides for a greater understanding of the role of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection and of the ability of antiretroviral drugs to combat infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".