Seismic analysis of a mixed timber-masonry structure: West Mill in Smiths Falls, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Timber and masonry are among the first building materials to be used internationally and are still being used in new construction today. It is evident that many mixed timber-masonry structures exist in zones of high seismicity such as Southern Europe and North America. Seismicity is and has been a universal problem for structural engineers all over the world. As some of the earliest structures were constructed with timber and masonry, it is important to look at the seismic vulnerabilities of such constructions and find efficient and sustainable ways to mitigate them. Mixed timber-masonry structures are important to the history of construction worldwide and should be conserved for such a reason. The work presented in this thesis aims at gaining a better understanding of the behaviour of mixed timber-masonry structures through a case study using numerical simulation. The case study will focus on a mixed timber—masonry structure in Eastern Ontario, Canada called The West Mill. The West Mill in Smiths Falls, Canada was built in the 1850s as part of the grain milling industry of Eastern Ontario. It is within the nationally designated Wood’s milling complex, which received its designation for its capability of demonstrating the development of the grain milling industry in Eastern Ontario through the 19th century. The West Mill itself consists of two joint structural systems. Four exterior limestone masonry walls make up the envelope of the building while the interior and the roof comprise of a heavy timber structure. A numerical model of the West Mill was created using the Finite Element Modelling (FEM) software DIANA. The numerical models used hinges and springs to represent the timber-timber and timber- masonry joints within the building. Shell elements were used to represent the masonry, and beam elements were used to represent the timber elements. Two numerical models were created to simulate the behaviour of the building. A pushover analysis was run on both models in the X and Y directions to capture the envelope of the seismic response for the structure. A parametric analysis was also conducted on the spring model by varying the stiffness of the springs used to model the connections between the timber-timber joints, and by varying the properties of the masonry. This study was conducted to explore the effects material properties have on the seismic response of the structure. The results developed from this thesis are a starting point for further research into the seismic response of the mixed timber-masonry structure, The West Mill.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".