Therapeutic Antimicrobials in Modulation of Gut Health, Growth Performances, Crude Protein and Amino Acid Utilization and Gut Microbiome in Weanling Pigs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antibiotics are among the best medicine discoveries. Antimicrobials have been used for enhancing pig gut health and growth performances for the past seven to eight decades but have also contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The major mode of antimicrobial for growth promotion is often linked to improved efficiency of utilization of dietary crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) but with less convincing data and unraveled biological mechanisms. Three studies were conducted to investigate the impacts of therapeutic antimicrobials on modulation of gut health, growth performances, CP and AA utilization and gut microbiome via the high-resolution and high accuracy Loop-SeqTM synthetic full-length 16S-rRNA gene sequencing platform in weanling pigs. Study-1 results showed that therapeutic chlortetracycline dramatically altered (P<0.05) the distal ileal relative abundances of the two most populous bacterial species, i.e., Lactobacillus sp. and Streptococcus sp., respectively. Chlortetracycline was also shown to substantially reduce (P<0.05) the distal ileal relative abundances of the zoonotic Campylobacter lanienae and the pancreatic and colonic carcinogenic Fusobacterium spp. Chlortetracycline improved the weanling pig gut health endpoint by enhancing the distal ileal colonization of the chlortetracycline-producing Streptomyces aureofaciens, providing a new understanding of the antimicrobial resistance associated with this antibiotic. Chlortetracycline could improve (P<0.05) the apparent ileal Lys digestibility via modulating relative abundances of several specific ileal bacterial species; however, it had limited effects (P>0.05) on the efficiency of digestive and post-digestive utilization of dietary CP in the weanling pigs. Thus, high-resolution sequencing the 16S-rRNA gene unravels species-level of the gut microbiome changes in the weanling pigs administered with the therapeutic chlortetracycline in providing important One Health implications to humans. The Study-2 results showed that therapeutic antimicrobials could selectively regulate (P<0.05) host gut gene expression and mediate gut digestibility and AA utilization in the small and the large intestines via modulating relative abundances of some specific bacterial species in the weanling pigs. In Study-3, we discovered that even when the last-resort human therapeutic macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) antibiotics were never used in the study pigs and their prior source swine herds, the fecal tetracycline resistome core AMR genes and the fecal last-resort human therapeutic MLS antibiotic AMR genes were equally enriched in their relative abundances. And these examined AMR gene abundances were not further enhanced (P>0.05) by the therapeutic tetracycline administration in the weanling pigs. We also found that Syntrophococcus sp. and Enterobacter hormaechei were responsible for explaining the relative abundances of tetM and mcr-1, respectively. Our results support the notion that the elevated AMR gene prevalence and abundances in the porcine commensal and pathogenic bacteria have been reaching plateau levels because of the globe-wide antimicrobial use over the past seven to eight decades. Realistic resistome mitigation strategies should be emphasized on developing disruptive means to remodel and optimize the porcine gut microbiome and to evolve and enrich specific taxa that are affiliated with reduced AMR impacts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".