CD36 Mediates the Phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes by Rodent Macrophages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phagocytic cells represent an important line of innate defense against malaria; however, little is known of the mechanism by which macrophages recognize Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes (PEs).Using macrophages from CD36 wild-type (WT), CD36-null, and CD36 transgenically-rescued rodents, we demonstrate a major role for CD36 in the phagocytosis of PEs.WT macrophages display enhanced phagocytic capacity for nonopsonized PEs, compared with that for CD36-null mouse and rat macrophages.Transgenic rescue of CD36deficient rats restored macrophage phagocytic capacity for PEs.CD36 receptor blockade with monoclonal antibodies and proteolytic cleavage of CD36 ligands from the surface of PEs inhibited the uptake of PEs.Upregulation of rodent CD36 by use of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARg) agonists increased the phagocytosis of PEs.CD36-mediated uptake of PEs did not result in increased tumor necrosis factor-a secretion, of which high levels are associated with adverse outcomes in malaria.These studies support the use of these rodent models to examine PE-CD36 interactions.Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum remains a major cause of global morbidity and mortality.Young children and other nonimmune individuals are at the greatest risk of developing severe and fatal malaria [1].Adverse outcomes in falciparum malaria have been linked to an inability of the host to control parasite replication, which results in high parasite burdens, unbalanced or excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, in
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".