Acellular porcine and kangaroo aortic valve scaffolds show more intense immune-mediated calcification than cross-linked Toronto SPV® valves in the sheep model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim of the study: A major limitation of currently available bioprosthetic valves is their propensity to calcify. At present, one approach in tissue-engineering, uses decellularized, xenogenic scaffolds that are implanted, with the expectation of complete matrix repopulation in vivo. Whether or not such a decellularized matrix will be sufficiently endowed to prevent calcification is unknown. Materials and methods: This study examines the calcification potential of xenogenic biological scaffolds from two species, namely pigs (n=3) and kangaroos (n=3) in the sheep model and compared them to a commercially available glutaraldehyde treated porcine bioprosthetic valve (Toronto SPV®) (n=3). Results: Valves and matrices were explanted after 120 days. Histologically (H&E and Von Kossa stain) more calcium was found in the acellular matrices. The mean calcium content (mg/g-dw) of the Toronto SPV® valve leaflets was 2.63 mg/g-dw compared to 43.81 mg/g-dw (P=0.12) in kangaroo and 105.08 mg/g-dw (P=0.004) in porcine matrices. On electron microscopy calcific deposits were located between as well as in close association with the collagen fibers in all tissue. In contrast to the cross-linked gluteraldehyde fixed bioprostheses both matrices showed strong immune IgG reaction. Conclusion: Toronto SPV® valves calcified significantly less than the tested biological matrices irrespective of species of origin. Surprisingly, xenogenic decelullarized scaffolds are inherently prone to calcification due to a strong immunogenecity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".