Simulations of unsteady airwakes behind moving ships using a mesh morphing technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shipboard helicopter operations are conducted in complex environmental conditions, where ship airwake, ship motions, and their combined effects can impact flight operations. To investigate the impacts of ship-motion-coupled airwake turbulence, the three-dimensional (3D) unsteady airwakes of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization conceptual Generic Destroyer (NATO-GD) and the real-world Royal Canadian Navy Halifax-class frigate undergoing representative ship motions are investigated using combined computational and experimental simulations. The computational simulations of the flow around the ships were performed using the Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) available in the open-source OpenFOAM software. To more accurately represent the unsteady boundary and the mesh deformation caused by the ship motion, a morphing mesh technique based on radial basis function (RBF) was ported to OpenFOAM. The RBF morphing mesh approach was validated against experimental data and its applicability for use to real-world ships was evaluated by cross-comparing its computed results with those obtained using the solid-body moving mesh solver embedded in OpenFOAM. The study analyzed the mean velocities, standard deviations, and power spectra. After validating against experimental data acquired by high-frequency pressure probes in an in-house wind tunnel, it was concluded that the RBF-based morphing mesh solver showed noticeable superiority over the solid-body moving mesh solver regarding accuracy in predicting flow means, unsteadiness and power spectrum when compared with the experimental results. This work is necessary to facilitate the investigation of the importance of ship-motion-induced airwake features for pilot workload and subsequent operational limits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".