FIGURE 2 in High local variability in elevation of the Oldman-Dinosaur Park Formation contact revealed by digital outcrop reconstruction, and implications for dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Belly River Group of Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
FIGURE 2. Overview of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry process leading to creation of digital outcrop model (DOM), digital elevation model (DEM) and orthomosaic of Bonebed 190 Amphitheatre area; survey area 0.446 km2. A, UAV camera locations and image overlap obtained from Agisoft Metashape processing report: colour palette indicates number of overlapping images per grid cell. B, UAV camera location error estimates along flight paths obtained from Agisoft Metashape processing report: Z error represented by ellipse colour; X, Y errors represented by ellipse shape; estimated camera locations marked with black dot. C, perspective render of dense 3-D point cloud generated from UAV image alignment followed by geolocation optimization with ground control points (GCPs, marked with flags). Image dataset combined from 2021 and 2022 flights; 2022 images (including some taken at 45˚ pitch angle) cover well-exposed Oldman-Dinosaur Park Formation contact. D, orthographic render of dense 3-D point cloud coloured by point confidence; blue represents highest point confidence, as seen on the outcrop photographed at oblique angles (see Figure 2C). E, DEM with GCP locations, significant fossil quarries and measured Oldman-Dinosaur Park Formation contacts. Coordinates in WGS84 / Universal Transverse Mercator zone 12N, EGM96 geoid. Quarry and formational contact locations available from database assembled by first author, updated from Currie and Koppelhus (2005). Black crosses mark start and end points of main stratigraphic section measured during 2022 field season. F, inset of image captured during 2021 flight at low elevation over BB190 host horizon; note GCP made of two white Jacob's staffs (GCP 21_3 in Figure 2E).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".