Experimental evaluation of ammonium formate as a potential hydrogen storage option
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Ammonium formate is introduced as a new hydrogen storage and fuel option. • Performance is tested using stainless steel-stainless steel and aluminum-stainless steel electrodes configurations. • Achieved voltages near ∼ 900 mV and current densities of ∼ 340 mA cm −2 . • Results demonstrate strong potential for portable and decentralized energy systems. • Comparative analysis highlights advantages over conventional hydrogen carriers. Electrochemical energy conversion systems are recognized as sustainable options for clean power generation. In conjunction with this, the current hydrogen storage methods often suffer from limited storage density, stability, or high cost, which motivate the search for alternative fuels with improved performance. This study is designed to investigate ammonium formate as an effective hydrogen storage medium and an efficient electrochemical fuel in electrochemical energy conversion systems. In order to perform the experimental tests, stainless steel-stainless steel and aluminum-stainless steel electrode pairs are selected and examined under varying concentrations of potassium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and hydrogen peroxide at 80 °C, and the system responses are then evaluated through voltage–time monitoring and polarization curve analysis. The aluminum-stainless steel configuration achieves the highest performance under 0.1 M potassium hydroxide and 10 % hydrogen peroxide, reaching the voltages near ∼ 900 mV and current densities of ∼ 340 mA cm −2 ; and the sodium chloride systems produce up to ∼ 820 mV and ∼ 310 mA cm −2 , while higher additive levels result in decreasing the voltages below 500 mV due to losses and side reactions. These findings confirm that moderate additive concentrations and optimized electrode pairing significantly enhance efficiency, positioning ammonium formate as a low-cost, energy-dense fuel suitable for decentralized and portable applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".