Effets de la fréquentation des sentiers et du type d’activité récréative sur les patrons d’occurrence des oiseaux forestiers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fear of predators can shape ecosystem processes by altering the behaviour of prey species, sometimes causing avoidance of suitable habitat. Humans are perceived as a threat by many species, and outdoor recreation can create a landscape of fear for wildlife. National parks have the dual mandate to protect ecosystems and biodiversity while providing the public with opportunities for recreation and connection with nature. By balancing conservation with responsible access, national parks ensure that fragile environments can be enjoyed today and preserved for future generations. Outdoor recreational activities are increasingly popular, but the effects of trail use on wildlife in protected areas remain poorly known. This study aimed to determine the effects of recreational trail type (pedestrian, mountain bike, and multi-use) and intensity of use on site occupancy by forest songbird species. It is possible that humans using these trails, being large and loud animals, are perceived by birds as potential predators, which may lead to changes in their behavior. Breeding songbirds are good indicators of the potential impacts of human activities as they are sensitive to predation risk and easy to detect through their vocalizations. Using recorders in Mont-Orford National Park, Quebec, Canada, we detected a total of 38 species of forest birds, 25 of which, with sufficient sample size, could be included in the analyses. Results indicate that recreational trail use in Mont-Orford National Park did not affect the probability of occurrence of most (19) species of forest birds. On the other hand, multi-use trails, hiking trails and mountain biking trails were significant predictors of bird occurrence, likely reflecting underlying associations with habitat characteristics that affect species presence. For example, our results showed that the Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) were less likely to be detected along multi-use trails, which are wider and more disturbed, compared to the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) and Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), which are more tolerant of edge or semi-open environments. Tail use appears to have limited impact on the occurrence patterns of most bird species; however, species that responded negatively to trail use were ground-nesting or near-ground-nesting species. Our results therefore highlight important avenues for future research and will contribute to develop management strategies that balance conservation and public access in protected areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".