A Millimeter-Wave Direct Digital Transmitter Using Multiphase Subharmonic Switching PA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a direct digital transmitter (TX) employing a multiphase subharmonic switching (MP-SHS) power amplifier (PA) to achieve both high peak and power back-off (PBO) efficiency with wide signal bandwidth. A phase-shifted subharmonic (SH) local oscillator (LO) divider is proposed to suppress SH spurs with minimal implementation overhead by introducing an additional phase shift during LO frequency division. Furthermore, a dual-rate hybrid digital-to-analog converter (HDAC) is integrated with the MP-SHS TX, which enables noise shaping and lowers in-band error vector magnitude (EVM). A proof-of-concept prototype, fabricated in 65-nm CMOS, operates at 24 GHz, achieving 19.2-dBm peak output power with 38.3% peak power-added efficiency (PAE). This TX demonstrates 22.3%/20.3% average PAE with EVM of −34.3 dB/−30.8 dB at 1.2/3.2 Gb/s for 64-QAM and 256-QAM single-carrier (SC) modulated signals, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".