Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Ultra-Low-Dose Radiotherapy for Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma: A Systematic Review.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Ultra-low-dose radiotherapy (ULD-RT), an ultra-low-dose regimen delivering 4 Gy in two fractions, has emerged as a promising treatment for indolent ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL), offering disease control with minimal toxicity. However, the clinical outcomes and safety profile of ULD-RT remain inconsistently reported across studies. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed studies evaluating ULD-RT in patients with OAL, including prospective, retrospective, and comparative cohorts published between 2000 and 2025. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Eligible studies reported clinical outcomes (e.g., response rates, local control, progression-free survival) and safety data (acute and late toxicities). Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results: Ten studies comprising 591 patients met the inclusion criteria. The overall response rate to ULD-RT ranged from 88% to 100%, with complete response rates of 50% to 95%. Local control rates ranged from 63% to 100%, and 2-year progression-free survival exceeded 85% in most studies. Importantly, no grade ≥ 3 toxicities were observed following the regimen of 4 Gy in two fractions. Acute toxicities occurred in up to 42% of patients, typically grade 1 dry eye or conjunctivitis. Late toxicities were uncommon (16-33%), with cataracts rarely requiring surgery. All included studies were rated as good quality (NOS score ≥ 7), indicating low risk of bias. Conclusions: ULD-RT is a highly effective and safe treatment modality for OAL, providing excellent local control with a favorable toxicity profile. These findings support the adoption of ULD-RT as a first-line radiotherapy strategy for indolent OAL. Future prospective trials with longer follow-up and standardized toxicity reporting are warranted to confirm and refine its clinical role.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".