Can Angular Velocity Offer a New Measure to Assess Topline Quality of Movement in Sound and Lame Horses?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Topline dysfunction in horses has been defined as a complex condition involving weakness, hypomobility, and generalized back pain and is strongly associated with hindlimb lameness in horses. Traditionally, spinal motion in horses has been described using displacement measurements, predominantly in the sagittal plane; however, these do not fully describe the complexity of movement which may be present in horses with topline dysfunction. This exploratory study considered the use of joint angles to assess joint excursions and joint angular velocity to assess the quality of movement in all three planes, with the latter being previously shown to offer greater sensitivity when assessing humans with and without chronic low back pain. Materials and Methods: Six degrees of freedom spinal motion during trot of six thoroughbred and thoroughbred cross horses (two geldings, four mares, four sound, and two with hindlimb lameness) were recorded (Vicon, UK) using marker clusters centred over the cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segments, and the angles and angular velocities were calculated between segments using Visual 3D (HAS Motion, Canada). Results: Joint angles and angular velocity were both able to detect asymmetries with the sound horses showing more symmetrical movement patterns in all three planes; however, angular velocity showed notably greater values in the lame horses indicating decreased quality of movement/control, [ Fig. 1 ]. Fig. 1 (A) Sound horse caudal thoracic to lumbar movement during trot. (B) Lame horse caudal thoracic to lumbar movement during trot. Conclusion: Angular velocity yielded new information on the quality of movement in the three rotational planes and may provide more detail in the assessment of topline dysfunction and the efficacy of its management in horses. Publication History Article published online: 12 September 2025 © 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".