Isolation and Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages against Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enteritidis in Chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmonellosis caused by antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enteritidis represents a growing threat to poultry production worldwide, including in Kazakhstan.This study aimed to isolate and characterize S. enteritidis strains from poultry and to explore the potential of lytic bacteriophages as an alternative antimicrobial strategy.Bacterial isolation was carried out using MacConkey and bismuth-sulfite agars, followed by biochemical testing on Hiss medium and serological identification using commercial agglutination kits.Confirmation was performed through real-time PCR using VetMAX™ Salmonella enterica protocols.Antibiotic susceptibility testing of ten Salmonella strains, including eight previously isolated ones, was conducted using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar.The strains demonstrated variable resistance patterns: chloramphenicol and amoxicillin were 100% effective, while bacitracin, virginiamycin, and sulfafurazole showed no inhibition.Statistical analysis using the Friedman test revealed significant differences in antimicrobial efficacy (p < 0.003, χ² = 25.39).Environmental samples, including poultry litter and soil, were processed to isolate bacteriophages using a hostspecific enrichment method with S. enteritidis as the indicator strain, followed by centrifugation and membrane filtration.Phage lytic activity was evaluated by spot testing and subculture assays.Three bacteriophage isolates demonstrated effective lysis of multidrug-resistant S. enteritidis.These results suggest the potential for bacteriophage-based control as a complementary or alternative approach to antibiotics in managing resistant Salmonella infections in poultry farms.Further research will be directed toward optimizing phage formulation, stability, and delivery methods suitable for agricultural application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".