Phage-Loaded Electrospun Nonwovens with Antimicrobial Properties Against <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Lytic phages are viruses that specifically infect and kill bacteria with high specificity. As such, phages have been proposed as natural antimicrobials in different settings, including antimicrobial food packaging applications. Materials and Methods: A Salmonella phage cocktail was encapsulated in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nonwovens microfibers using free-surface electrospinning. The nonwovens were characterized by their morphology, phage release rate, shelf-life, antimicobial activity, and effect on phyisical meat properties. Results: The phage-loaded nonwoven contained 6–7 log 10 PFU/mg and demonstrated efficient phage transfer to raw meats of >90%, reaching concentrations of up to 6 log 10 PFU/cm 2 . This resulted in a reduction of Salmonella by 2 log 10 CFU/cm 2 after 24 h at 25°C and 15°C compared with the control. Treatment of chicken fillets with the phage-loaded PEO nonwoven did not cause changes on the physical properties of the meat. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that electrospinning is a feasible strategy to develop phage-loaded packaging materials to reduce the loads of Salmonella in poultry products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".